1) The concept of proportional representation, used in some electoral systems, aims to ensure that political parties' representation in government aligns more closely with the proportion of votes they receive from the electorate.

2) The concept of civil rights pertains to the rights and freedoms that individuals possess as members of a society, including equality before the law, freedom of expression, and protection against discrimination.

3) The Earth's core is hotter than the surface of the Sun.

4) The concept of human rights advocates for the basic rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled, regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics.